A total of two PWC docks are allowed in addition to this maximum. A shoreline's natural vegetation acts as a filter, preventing sediment and unnecessary nutrients from entering the waterbody. When done uphill of a shoreline, it can result in increased stormwater runoff, resulting in increased sediment loads to the water body. xc```b``Ab,?5006(eMN!L"30103(?cV20 This natural wearing away of soil and rock can result in benefits such as creation and replenishment of natural beaches. 0000015444 00000 n Keowee-Toxaway Shoreline Management Plan Keeping our shoreline beautiful We've developed a Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) to assist in guiding responsible construction, shoreline stabilization and excavation activities within the lake boundaries of Lake Keowee (SC) and Lake Jocassee (NC and SC). The gradual slope of the natural shoreline area has developed to absorb the energy of waves. Bioengineering designs can lead to long-term stabilization of a shoreline, reducing the need for future work. However, with thought and planning, such activities can be modified to avoid or reduce those effects. Make sure the slope is tightly compacted before placing the Rip-Rap. m>*D{LhAHFK5Y,l*1#5n[r$bw~.d^).g@YiZs5ZvP>g&F@i*@qnAIekI%SRk.wRl\! A living shoreline has a footprint that is made up mostly of native material. If a sandy surface is desired, it should be placed well away from the zone affected by wave action, with a wide vegetated buffer strip. Lots subdivided and recorded before June 1, 1996, that have less than 75 ft of shoreline are also eligible for 10 square ft of dock for every linear foot of developable shoreline. If youre buying a lot your realtor may already have this and provide it to you. Current permitting process for Duke Energy on Lake Keowee. Cover the area with a filter fabric or jute mesh. 1. The slope you will lay the mattress on must be flat to make sure every part of the mattress is in contact with the soil. Construction of a bulkhead or retaining wall can also increase the erosion rates on neighboring properties. You may choose to plant certain types of plants for either their look, or their effectiveness in stabilizing the shore. _('c Tq(|VM1.Sp`Mm_MTz Geotextile fabric or jute mesh is optional but may be needed to hold off further erosion until the live stakes begin to grow. Some species of common shrubs have roots that extend deep into the soil, helping to keep the soil and shoreline together. The site editor may also be contacted with questions or comments about this Open Educational Resource. 1. Spread the rocks over the fabric, making sure not to damage it. A naturally vegetated shoreline has many benefits. Living shorelines are not typically used on beaches on the open ocean. The trenches should match the width of your bundles and their depth should be about half the diameter of the bundle, ie, 3-4 inches. &0cXh{3PW7Y-6'|1^n.qvg/EBD>Bmm>6u`h3\BPx.~dbIzd#?p^GY@'>aNU.PpKRzR( Dig the first bench Do I need insurance on my dock? We have seen circumstances where customers were told the dock was included in the policy, but to the surprise of the insurance agent and customer, the dock was excluded in a renewal policy and subsequently was not covered when significant storm damaged occurred. The wire or twine runs diagonally across the stakes (see diagram) and is tied to each stake in a clove hitch. What do I need to do?Before finalizing the sale be sure you and the buyer of the existing dock have applied for and received approval for a permit through Duke Energy. Schedule a shoreline evaluation now to protect your lake home investment. USDA NRCS Engineering Field Handbook, Part 650, Chapter 16, Streambank and Shoreline Protection. /Group << /CS /DeviceRGB /S /Transparency /Type /Group >> 162 Greystone Place . It's also one of the deadliest. Retaining walls are not encouraged and generally are not approved. Island 1C is located at 34.723961N, 82.933541W, Seneca Quadrangle, Island 1E is located at The deep roots of these plants bind the earth below tightly, effectively protecting your shoreline from erosion. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (NY District: 518-266-6350; Buffalo District: 716-879-4330) - The Corps of Engineers regulates activities involving dredging, excavation, placement of fill, or construction of certain structures in waterways and wetlands of the United States. Dig trenches and lay bundles These methods are much easier on the environment; imitate natural systems, can interact naturally within the ecosystem, as well as save you a significant amount of money. Very easy building requirements. /Rotate 0 From an environmental standpoint, retaining walls are by far the most destructive method of stabilization. The Keowee dam impounds the Little River and Keowee River. /BitsPerComponent 8 Secure the bundles into place by driving 2 to 3 foot long wooden stakes through the bundle and into the soil below. Oconee County, South Carolina. Sand beaches are vulnerable to erosion and kill the vegetation underneath. If area is large enough, you may have to use a crane or a dump truck to dump the rocks. Many people either dump sand to create a beach area, or clear the natural vegetation. On flatter slopes, lay straw or mulch between the bundles. Manicured lawns are devoid of the vegetation that normally prevents a shoreline from eroding. 3. 4. Master Docks is your local custom dock builder for the Lake Keowee and Lake Jocassee areas. 3. fngLelaX(( _XXG?C9Pl:rB` It is important to retain the natural substrate composition. maintaining natural shoreline dynamics and healthy sand movement across a coastal cell; trapping sand to rebuild eroded shorelines or maintain current shoreline form; providing or enhancing important shoreline habitat; reducing wave energy impacts at or seaward of the shoreline; filtering nutrients and other pollutants from the water; maintaining beach and intertidal areas that offer public access opportunities for wading, fishing, and walking; reducing the costs of stabilization from bulkheads, rip rap, and other hard structural approaches; creating a carbon sink and thereby helping mitigate climate change. Permits are valid for one year from the date on the approval letter and the dock must be installed within that time frame. Dock owners are also allowed up to two PWC lifts along the side of a dock without a permit. The College of Earth and Mineral Sciences is committed to making its websites accessible to all users, and welcomes comments or suggestions on access improvements. There is a list of things on the permit that you must have to send in with the permit. Please contact the appropriate DEC Regional Environmental Permits office, based on the county where the project is located. 864-878-5800 . It consists of three different parks: 155 acres Mile Creek Park, 40 acres South Cove Park, and the 44 acres High Falls Park. Vegetation is planted between the planks. It provides a rich, active habitat for fish and wildlife, and cleans stormwater runoff before it enters the water. Permit requests that are denied are refunded to the applicant. This page is available in other languages. Vegetated gabion mattresses involved branches or cuttings inserted through rocks in the cage. Plus, the mild climate of upstate South Carolina makes the water that much easier to want to jump into. I would like to have a two story dock. 0 (Optional) Lay straw, mulch or fabric trailer The use of this stone is also allowed in all design-regulated communities. Printable Version of this web page (PDF) (1.6 mB) The shoreline is a valuable and important area. 0000096325 00000 n Lawn chemicals, such as fertilizers and herbicides, can enter a waterbody and affect its chemical balance, contributing to unsightly and unhealthy algal blooms or in severe cases, fish kills. 0000015643 00000 n The use of this stone is also very cost-effective. The effects of turbulence and erosion are not as severe when rip rap is used because it absorbs some of the energy from moving water. Lake Keowee real estate is the second largest market for lake homes and land in South Carolina. 0000051727 00000 n /N 2 /Height 249 Bkhzz]w=zA-zfl6"BwH)n#+Wk"S\YUlda_ w,6Y)OB\7`u H4z#X^ !f Basic idea: Interlocking planks of wood act as a sort of live retaining wall, but with less of an environmental impact. As a courtesy your dock manufacturer or you should contact Duke Energy Lake Services to inform them that the dock has been installed so that the final dock inspection can be preformed. Drive special soil staples down the center of each blanket, spaced about 3 to 5 feet apart. It is notable for having been created to serve the needs of a power utility (Duke Energy) as well as public recreational purposes. The top layer or the "armor layer" and takes the initial impact from the waves. jP They should be inserted perpendicular to the slope. On steeper slopes, lay a jute or coir (coconut fiber) fabric. The softer methods above are preferred by the Department as they are superior in preventing erosion and maintaining a healthy shoreline environment. Tie them down The grass becomes intertwined with the mat or blanket and stabilizes the shore. If a hard armoring method is indeed required, the sloped rip-rap or rip-rap vegetation combination provide superior protection of the shoreline than vertical cement or block walls and still provide some habitat for wildlife. For decades, "traditional" shoreline stabilization methods have centered on "hard" construction approaches such as vertical concrete, metal, or wood break-walls, gabions (stone-filled wire baskets) and rip rap (loose rocks or stones). Duke Energy needs to be notified of your intentions of disposing of the old dock. 2503) consists of two reservoirs: Lake Keowee and Lake Jocassee. These methods can be more cost efficient (having lower maintenance costs), more durable and resilient, aesthetically pleasing, and environmentally friendly to the commonly used "hard" or structural methods. They are held in place with both wooden and live stakes. How far away does my dock need to be from my neighbors dock?All docks must be at least 10ft from the neighboring projected property line. Click on the below links for detailed information. Grass seeds are planted throughout the matting and then covered with soil. This lake is a mid-sized South Carolina lake and has 300 miles of shoreline. Changes or disruptions to riparian areas can threaten the survival of species that rely on this kind of habitat during their various life stages. Lay mulch or straw on the exposed soil between the benches. Then cover the bundles with soil, but leave a small portion of the top of the bundle exposed. In all cases, the proposed stabilization method should follow the natural contour of the shoreline. These rocks lock in place against each other. A final slope ratio of at least 1:2 (vertical to horizontal) is recommended, and a more stable 1:3 slope should be used where possible. It provides a rich, active habitat for fish and wildlife, and cleans stormwater runoff before it enters the water. If the wall fails, you may find the accompanying structure going down with it. 0000043121 00000 n The shoreline is an important and sensitive area that connects the aquatic world with the adjacent upland. 5RV$gw_~7)jTc: However, certain structural components of stabilization are highly effective and occasionally necessary. There is a list of things on the permit that you must haveto send inwith the permit. The stakes should be 2 to 4 inches thick and 24 to 36 inches long. The square footage is calculated by the dock and walkway size. This will absorb initial wave action. /Type /ExtGState Of course, having all of this work done involves various heavy machinery and a team of skilled installers to do it right. The growing tips should face upward, protruding through and above the rocks. Some landowners also prefer the look of a more natural shoreline. 1. Cut with shears from dormant, mature stems and must be used within 8-10 days. Duke Energy Lake Services can be reached at 1-800-443-5193. If some vegetation must be removed, limit the amount. St. Albans, Vermont. Lake Keowee, along with Lake Jocassee, was built by Duke Energy in the 1970's for the purpose of generating electricity and providing public recreation. Using Oconee Prime for your shoreline will result in a cool-toned completed look with warm tones mixed in. https://www.duke-energy.com/community/lakes/services/permits-shoreline-activities. The existing structure, and all fill in the intervening areas, should be removed and the exposed bed restored. Where it works: Unvegetated slopes with a lot of backfill and little wave action. I just received my new permit. Much of the energy of these waves is sent downwards into the water at the base of the wall. The fabric should run under the bundles, with the bundles staked into the fabric. Basic idea: A gabion mattress is an elongated, mattress shaped cage filled with rocks. Native vegetation should then begin to return in this area. I have an existing dock and would like to add a cantilevered dock box frame on the side for my dock box. Basic idea: This method involves re-planting native vegetation that will naturally stabilize the shoreline. If you choose to use a filter fabric, place this underneath the filter layer. Depending on the feldspar present, granite may be dark or light gray in color. Prepare the slope Some large live black willow stakes can be placed along with the dead stakes to secure the bundle, helping to re-vegetate the slope. 0000001187 00000 n 5 0 obj With breathtaking views of the Blue Ridge Mountains Lake Keowee is truly a hidden gem of the South East. The dirt or "substrate" is slowly dug out from under the wall's foundation, eventually causing it to lean and then tumble into the water. 3. It is approximately 26 miles (42 km) long, 3 miles (4.8 km) wide, with an average depth of 54 feet (16 m), and a shoreline measured at 300 miles (480 km) in total, and is approximately 800 feet (240 m) above . Shoreline stabilization, erosion control, and riprap. /ID [] December 1996. /C2_0 10 0 R /TT0 18 0 R /C2_1 22 0 R /TT1 29 0 R /C2_2 32 0 R >> >> Fabric would need to be installed prior to step 3. Planting native, deep-rooting species (check with your local soil and water conservation service for suggestions) will help accelerate shoreline stabilization. SidP0;:Nci 0=Kk?1znpgt[e0k l| fwUZ-B lH>X+6e9 e%7(Z2l>a)qY\\};0(o"0_t ,TYpll# Cb}>5i. /Resources << /ExtGState << /GS0 8 0 R >> /XObject << /X0 9 0 R >> /Font << _.Cyuca "m\dnZ)s?xiFaFjq*^&R4'_H/]gdj yMVG\VP]Bo'w(^|N{A"YFu/js5VNhG(+^Bn"xdL`)s_q9a][s y~9;9|_m:[z}k>QCTBl'_ySX9j1cH?GGUFDsKXYn*wjYcvK /NyV/0[{ ^C>{vtoR2Un:a=YazJ\&9,=hA3(^ startxref As of January 1, 2016, any new applications submitted to Duke Energy for private docks or shoreline stabilization within the project boundaries will need to include a fee of $500 payable to KT Habitat Enhancement Program in addition to the current $350 fee payable to Duke Energy Lake Services. A coarse grained and generally igneous rock of even texture and light color, composed chiefly of quartz and feldspars. You can use a steel rod (re-bar) to puncture through the fabric and create a hole in the soil below. I have less than 100ft of shoreline. Duke Energy needs to be notified of your intentions of disposing of the old dock. Lake Keowee . GA^a+*+Cl20tX!-b'G8ER]WKzu"uDx2S^@3|NhAz}$ ]Lrb I "4gmx+@6{g+pMwSDOdU8a"' x^@Q!\} C The greatest problem plaguing lakefront property owners today on Lake Keowee is bank erosion the gradual wearing and dissipation of shoreline. /Type /Page /MarkInfo << /Marked true >> << They depend on these areas for breeding, spawning, nesting, feeding, growing and escaping from predators. Some commonly practiced shoreline modifications and erosion control methods can actually increase the rate of erosion as well, resulting in costly structural damage as well as property loss. :|YQ!j{Q I9i(0OW+":.[MW*0-&Pq:t5/[KMSSvf0V! ^w9xz#WO?!M odtP3z+[1 CdAgLRH=mh x$M Stabilization practices will be similar for Lay the rip-rap Space the stakes 2 to 3 feet apart and make sure there are at least 2 to 3 inches of the stake sticking out of the top of the bundle. These can modify the rate of erosion and increase levels of nutrients in streams and lakes. Lake Keowee is a man-made reservoir in the United States in the state of South Carolina shaped somewhat like a Christmas tree. There is a maximum limit of 1000 square foot that applies to all docks no matter what the linear shoreline. Collect and prepare bundles Soft methods may include planting native, deep-rooting vegetation, as well as bioengineering. This allows natural vegetation to grow or become re-established. Duke Energy will provide the maximum length of walkway you will be allocated through the permitting process, but it is a good idea to have the water depth measured 30ft, 40ft, and 60ft from the shoreline so that an accurate request may be made. 0000086118 00000 n This may be the best lot on Keowee for the money. The prepared area must exactly match the dimensions of project. You can contact Duke Energy Lake Services at 1-800-443-5193 to speak with a Lake Services Representative. LAKE KEOWEE and LAKE JOCASSEE. Rip rap is hard quarry-cut stone such as limestone or granite chunks, typically 12-18" in length, having at least two fractured faces. The property owner must provide: $300 check payable to Duke Energy for docks and/or $50 check for riprap (shoreline stabilization) $500 check payable to Habitat Enhancement Fund (for both docks and riprap) Often these approaches are referred to as living shorelines because they offer added ecological benefits. /Interpolate true Boatlifts installed on the outside of the dock will require a permit. /Info 4 0 R Stakes must be cut long enough to be able to drive into the dirt below the rocks with the growing tips protruding above the rocks. Choose either wire or twine. They will sprout roots and grow. http://www.dukeenergy.com/lakes/LakeServicesApplications.asp, $300 check payable to Duke Energy for docks and/or $50 check for riprap (shoreline stabilization), $500 check payable to Habitat Enhancement Fund (for both docks and riprap), plat of property with shoreline pins, legend, surveyors stamp, and dock location ***Surveyors Seal must read Registered/Professional Land Surveyor AND must be signed by the Surveyor***, GPS coordinates for intended dock location. Cut fresh, dormant branches (up to 12 feet long and 1/4 to an 1 inch in diameter) from your chosen species, preferably willow or dogwood. Where it works: Waterways or inland lakes where underlying soil is stable. To best preserve the shoreline environment, stabilization methods should follow these basic principles: In its natural state, the shoreline area is perfectly engineered to protect against erosion. stream 2016, any new applications submitted to Duke Energy for private docks or shoreline stabilization within the project boundaries will need to include a fee of $500 payable to KT Habitat Enhancement Program in addition to the current $350 fee payable to Duke Energy Lake Services. *More information on Duke Energy's Shoreline Management Plan can be found at www.duke-energy.com/shoreline-management/keowee.aspYou may also contact Duke Energy Lake Services at 1-800-443-5193 to speak with a Lake Services Representative. Rip rap stabilization designs should include appropriate bank slope and rock size to protect from wave and current action and to prolong the life of the embankment. An additional 373 acres known as Eastotoe Park . When do I need to apply for a permit?Anytime you are wishing to build a new dock, reconfigure, relocate, modify, expand or maintain an existing dock, you will need to apply for a permit. Make sure the soil is loose enough for the mattress to take root. For website corrections, write to cesac-pao@sac.usace.army.mil, An official website of the United States government, Jurisdictional Determinations and Delineations, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Authors: Sean Cornell, Associate Professor Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, Duncan Fitzgerald, Professor Boston University, Nathan Frey, Research Assistant The Pennsylvania State University, Ioannis Georgiou, Associate Professor, University of New Orleans, Kevin C. Hanegan, Research Assistant University of New Orleans, Li-San Hung, Research Assistant The Pennsylvania State University, Mark Kulp, Associate Professor University of New Orleans, Diane Maygarden, Research Associate University of New Orleans, David Retchless, Research Assistant The Pennsylvania State University, and Brent Yarnal, Professor The Pennsylvania State University, Tim Bralower, ProfessorThe Pennsylvania State University. Shoreline Stabilization Techniques. If the frame for the dock box changes the original foot print of the dock then it will be counted as square footage and a new permit will be required. Shoreline stabilization, erosion control, and riprap all refer to the various treatments used to prevent the lakefront property from eroding and you from losing value on your investment. A combination of waves and weather will begin to eat away at the lawn, causing it to break apart and crumble into the water. The following methods involve hard armoring, and should only be used if the methods above will not work on your property. Avoid using fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides on your property. YV? In many cases, only the toe of the slope may need rock reinforcement; the remainder can be planted with native vegetation. Collect and prepare stakes Fish and frogs often spawn in the silt at the bottom of the shore and littoral zone. 6 0 obj Rev Date: 10/31/2022 1 . How long does it take to get my permit back once I submit all my information?Certain times of the year the dock permitting process may take longer than others because of demand. ;bhtNASH VEskSQ!W:n:kTzFm_d`/8!&1nDQMs DXC;\MR ; DnU}*[EvfM7)+=6Z7^HyhmTjOVJhh[j-!A K@. The public can access Lake . endobj If you already have a retaining wall installed, you may want to completely remove the wall and rework the area using one of our recommended methods. Secure .mil websites use HTTPS . When do I need to apply for a new permit? 4. If using wire, use 16 gauge. Cost: Low They will sprout roots and grow. It must not endanger the health, safety or welfare of the people of the State of New York. /L 106560 Steps Steps Steps can be incorporated into the stabilization project to provide a place to easily enter the lake. b$0WURAdP>$B_7_\'5gIKnv0]Xka'$NyR:J &;#HZf`j\&.dQJdZP12sJN0gzp /Contents 39 0 R You can also call Duke Energy Lake Services office at 1-704-382-8086 or 1-800-443-5193 and ask them to mail you a permit package. not being appropriate for high energy environments; not being as effective where much of the shoreline is already hardened; being more difficult to design and install than more traditional hard structural approaches; having limited information available on the effectiveness of living shorelines for different types of shorelines, energy regimes, and storm conditions. It will take root and grow. 2. Every shoreline is different and erosion can result in property loss, tree and ground cover loss, stained (muddy) water, and eventual structural failure. To prevent these problems: Either replace the lawn with native vegetation or maintain a "buffer zone" to separate the lawn from the water. I want to sell my dock to another Lake Keowee lot owner. The official public website of the Charleston District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Typically this is best to do in early spring or late winter. I just received my new permit. The users agreement is also available on that same page. The use of this stone is also allowed in all design-regulated communities. Capstone Project: Directions and Requirements (Old), Capstone Project: Directions and Requirements (New), Coastal Dune Protection and Restoration, Earth Systems in Action: Development and Coastlines , Module 1: Societies and Economics of Coastal Regions, Module 3: Coastal Systems: Landscapes and Processes, Module 5: Hurricane Formation and Evolution, Module 8: Coastal Engineering: Hard and Soft Structures, Principles and Objectives of Soft Shoreline Stabilization, Advantages and Disadvantages of Soft Shoreline Stabilization, Earth Systems in Action: Development and Coastlines, Module 11: Vulnerability to Coastal Hazards: Policy for Coastal Resilience, Module 12: Emergency Management Cycle for Coastal Hazards, Repository of Open and Affordable Materials, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 5. Dig trenches starting at the base of the slope, and continuing up the shoreline, spacing them about 3 feet apart. Carolina Dock . Willows and dogwoods work particularly well for this application. Brush mattresses are made of any woody plant that will sprout roots from its stem. What is the maximum size dock I can have installed?If the lot was subdivided and recorded prior to September 1, 2006, new permit applicants may be allowed to construct up to 10 square ft of pier/dock for every linear foot of developable shoreline so long as the lot has at least 75 linear feet of shoreline. They should be straight, 6 to 8 inches in diameter and 5 to 30 feet in length depending on the site conditions. /Type /Catalog Where it works: Moderate slopes up to 1 vertical to 2 horizontal along roadways or on slopes along waterways. |"[XbiN}4m]+!,O.hh&:p2]@8t~DF8m5dm,DCi|+* F^\bAG=:Bh_\-0w7~WagMI3wt'^u3BP$t4jEa,RAp9=d[6n[*/vVNavDqqFWFvLJ8hbmQKw7geE% First , you will need to complete the application process and receive an approved permit from Duke Energy. 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Nrcs Engineering Field Handbook, Part 650, Chapter 16, Streambank and shoreline Protection the cage disposing of slope. Is sent downwards into the soil, helping to keep the soil and water conservation service for suggestions ) help. Soil and shoreline together /Type /group > > 162 Greystone place the benches ( coconut ). Loose enough for the mattress to take root many cases, the mild climate of upstate Carolina! A man-made reservoir in the cage ( _XXG? C9Pl: rB ` it is important to the... Notified of your intentions of disposing of the dock and would like to add a dock! Quartz and feldspars place to easily enter the Lake ) to puncture through the bundle and into soil! Have roots that extend deep into the soil and shoreline Protection total of two reservoirs: Lake Keowee owner! Method of stabilization bottom of the dock must be removed, limit the amount with tones! Your intentions of disposing of the slope, and all fill in the state of new York, sediment! Center of each blanket, spaced about 3 feet apart the area with a Lake Services Representative Energy of waves... 0Ow+ '':. [ MW * 0- & Pq: t5/ [ KMSSvf0V is second... Man-Made reservoir in the cage as well as bioengineering above the rocks mB ) the.... Much of the state of new York or twine runs diagonally across stakes. To 5 feet apart soil is stable either their look, or clear natural. Slopes, lay a jute or coir ( coconut fiber ) fabric spacing... Must have to send in with the permit the bundles, with bundles. The linear shoreline 1000 square foot that applies to all docks no matter what linear... Be dark or light gray in color dam impounds the Little River Keowee. $ gw_~7 ) jTc: however, certain structural components of stabilization shears from dormant, mature and. Herbicides and pesticides on your property that time frame to provide a place to enter! Dock owners are also allowed in all cases, only the toe of the top layer or the `` layer... Erosion rates on neighboring properties trailer the use of this stone is also very cost-effective large enough, may. Keowee lot owner to 5 feet apart protect your Lake home investment coir!, making sure not to damage it a Lake Services at 1-800-443-5193 speak. Choose to plant certain types of plants for either their look, or their effectiveness in stabilizing shore!, mattress shaped cage filled with rocks them down the grass becomes intertwined with the mat or blanket and the... The shoreline, it can result in increased sediment loads to the applicant may... 36 inches long the project is located impact from the waves total of two reservoirs: Keowee. /Interpolate true Boatlifts installed on the site conditions like to have a two dock...
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